Technical

Liquid Shear Pressure:

Cell disruption by the rapid pressure drop created when the sample is transferred from the high pressure chamber to the low pressure chamber

Advantages: fast and effective fragmentation, suitable for large-volume cell fragmentation

Disadvantage: Can lead to increased sample temperature (requires cooling system for operation)

ultrasound

Cells are crushed by high-frequency ultrasonic waves

Advantages: easy to operate

Disadvantages: It can cause the temperature of the sample to rise, it is difficult to cool down through the cooling system, the shear force may cause damage to the protein, the noise is large, and the amount of fragmentation is small

glass bead grinding

Grind the cells with agitation of glass beads

Pros: Very useful for cells that are difficult to break (like yeast)

Cons: somewhat slow and noisy

Osmotic pressure

From high osmotic pressure to low osmotic pressure media

Advantages: easy operation, low cost

Disadvantage: only for cells with fragile outer walls (such as animal cells)

Repeated freezing and thawing

Disruption of cells by repeated ice crystal formation; usually combined with enzymatic lysis of cells

Advantages: easy to operate, low cost, produce a lot of cell membrane debris

Disadvantages: slow, may damage sensitive proteins or disrupt interactions between proteins and cell membranes, low yield

enzymatic cleavage

Often used in conjunction with other techniques, such as repeated freeze-thaw cycles or osmotic disruption; lysozyme is the enzyme most commonly used to disrupt bacterial cell walls

Advantages: Gentle, can generate larger cell membrane fragments

Cons: slow, low yield